武器存在的时间和人类一样长 Weapons have existed as long as humankind.
几千年来 他们已经确定了 For millennia, they have determined
几代人的命运 the destiny of generations.
武器带来痛苦和死亡 Weapons bring suffering and death.
它们展示了人类可以对其他人类施加什么影响 They show what humans can inflict upon other humans.
但他们也打算维持和平 But they're also intended to keep the peace
为技术铺平道路 and pave new ways for technology.
统治天空 你就会赢得战争 Rule the skies and you'll win wars.
几千年来 人类发明了新的武器 For thousands of years, men have developed new weapons
感谢你从上面进攻 for attacking from above.
这三个国家创造了历史 These three have made history.
惊人的实验将揭开这个秘密 Astonishing experiments will uncover the secret
他们致命的效率 of their deadly efficiency.
空中炸弹至今仍是现代战争的标志 Aerial bombs have marked modern warfare to this day.
击中地面上的目标有多容易? How easy is it to hit a target on the ground?
火箭 它们已经在战争中使用了几个世纪 Rockets. They have been deployed in wars for centuries
成为我们这个时代最大的威胁 and have turned into the biggest threat of our time.
站在这里想象起来很可怕 It's scary to imagine standing here
箭雨如注 with the arrows raining down.
燃烧的箭已经成为神奇的武器 Incendiary arrows have served as wonder weapons
自古以来 since ancient times.
没有人会听到 No one would have heard it.
没有人会预料到它的到来 No one would have seen it coming
直到房子完全着火 until the house is fully ablaze.
点燃一支箭并发射它 Ignite an arrow and fire it.
听起来很容易 但实际上 是燃烧的箭 Sounds easy. But in reality, incendiary arrows
都是武器技术的高手 are a master stroke of weapons technology.
火提供光 温暖 生命 Fire provides light, warmth, life.
从我们的时代开始 Since the beginning of our time
人类的历史总是围绕着火 human history has always revolved around fire.
只要人类从中受益 And as long as mankind has benefited
从火所能给予的一切中 他们利用了这个事实 from all that fire can give, they have made use of the fact
这也是可以接受的 that it can also take.
火是最古老的武器之一 Fire is one of the oldest weapons.
它使像人类这样的原始生物感到恐惧 It terrifies primitive creatures like humans
而且一直如此 and always has done.
如果你看到一群黑猩猩从火里跑出来 If you watch a troupe of chimpanzees running from fire
你看到一群人逃离火海 and you watch a troupe of humans running from fire
你在看同样的东西 you're watching the same thing.
我们还没有失去对火灾的原始恐惧 We haven't lost that primeval fear of fire.
燃烧箭被证明特别有效 Incendiary arrows prove particularly effective
在城市或要塞的围攻中 in sieges of cities or fortresses.
但这支箭怎么能一直燃烧呢 But how can the arrow stay ablaze
当它在空中翱翔的时候? while it's soaring through the air?
武器专家迈克·洛德斯即将找到答案 Weapons expert Mike Loades is about to find out
在丹麦海港小镇的中世纪中心 at the Medieval Center in the Danish harbor town
的 尼克宾 法尔斯特岛 of NykÃ¸bing Falster.
所以今天我们已经习惯了死亡和毁灭的概念 So today we're used to the idea of death and destruction
炸弹和导弹从天而降 coming from the skies- bombs and missiles
恐怖如雨点般降临城市 城市在熊熊烈火中 raining terror on cities, of cities in flames.
但是城市在火焰中 那就像人类一样古老 But cities in flames, that's as old as when men
用弓箭战斗 因为 fought with a bow and arrow, because
他们使用燃烧弹 they used incendiary arrows.
甚至到了中世纪晚期 Even up to the late medieval era
许多民族用木头建造房屋 many peoples built their houses from wood
用稻草盖住他们的屋顶 and covered their roof with straw.
容易成为纵火攻击的目标 An easy target for an incendiary attack.
我们想知道大火是如何到达它的目标的 We want to know how the fire reaches its goal.
我们的专家首先选择最简单的方法 Our expert goes for the easiest option first.
我只是绑了一块普通的布 So I've just tied a ordinary bit of cloth
看看它是怎么做的 around this to see what it does.
看看它是否还亮着 See if it stays alight.
一次失败的尝试 结果很明显 A failed attempt, with a clear result.
很明显 这并不奇怪 Now, well, obviously it's no surprise
它没有一直亮着 我们几乎不能 that it didn't stay alight, we could barely
首先点燃它 get it alight to start with.
所以他们显然有不同的想法 So they clearly had a different idea
而不是用破布裹住它 than just tying a bit of rag around it.
我们要揭开燃烧之箭的秘密 Our search to uncover the secret of incendiary arrows
带我们来到传统的铁匠铺 leads us to a traditional smithy.
铁匠延斯·克里斯琴森在工作 Blacksmith Jens Christiansen works on
武器的主要部分——铁头 the essential part of the weapon- an iron head.
为了能够把火带到很远的地方 In order to be able to carry the fire over long distances
它必须以非常精确的方式锻造 it has to be forged in a very precise manner.
和铁匠一起工作总是一件令人兴奋的事 It's always a thrill to work with a blacksmith.
他们用的是铁 一开始是一块岩石 They are taking iron, which starts as a bit of rock
在地球上 他们在做一些精细的形状 in the earth, and they're making things, elaborate shapes.
他还用眼睛来判断温度 He's also using his eye to judge the temperature.
他的眼睛是温度计 His eye is a thermometer.
火焰的颜色告诉他有多热 The color of the flames tells him how hot it is.
他需要热的才能把它切开 And he needs it to be hot to split it
他需要不同的温度 he needs it to be a different temperature
所以他在做各种各样的判断 hotter, to forge it, so he's making all sorts of judgements.
四件的锻焊 The forge welding of the four pieces
在篮子里 它需要恰好在这个点上 in the basket, it needs to be exactly at the point.
如果温度太低 If you get the heat too far down
你的锻炉会把整个东西焊接成一块结实的东西 your forge will weld the whole thing into a solid piece
你不能做篮子 and you cannot make the baskets.
延斯·克里斯琴森正在组建 Jens Christiansen is forming
一个小篮子从四根铁树枝上伸出来 a small basket out of the four iron branches
这将是一篇煽动性的文章 that will later hold an incendiary composition.
这就是为什么箭是燃烧的箭 This is what makes an arrow an incendiary arrow.
这是快完成的燃烧箭头 So here is the nearly-finished incendiary arrow.
这是燃烧物进入的笼子 This is the cage which the incendiary material goes into.
它不需要精确的尺寸 It doesn't have to be an exact size
但这只是为了保存东西 所有重要的 but this is just to hold things, all that matters
就是这个插座能装在箭头上 is that the socket will fit on the arrow.
它有一个点 所以它会粘在某个东西上 It's got a point, so it's going to stick into something
因为这需要时间 when it arrives, because it will take time
为了点燃一切 for this to set anything alight.
就这么简单 But that's it, it's as simple as that.
你能接受吗? Are you okay with this?
干得好 詹斯 Beautiful work as ever, Jens.
很简单 很优雅 很有创意 It's simple, it's elegant, and it's ingenious
但你知道 在整个暴力史上 but you know, in the whole history of violence
没有比这更残酷的想法了 there cannot be a crueler idea
而不是把人烧死 than killing people by burning them to death.
你完全正确 You are absolutely right.
就是这样 And there it is.
导弹装备了弹头 准备发射 The missile is armed with its warhead and ready to go.
雅典人 罗马人 条顿人 撒拉逊人 Athenians, Romans, Teutons, Saracens.
几乎所有获胜的战士都使用燃烧箭 Almost all triumphant warriors use incendiary arrows.
掌握精密制造技术的人 Those who master the elaborate manufacturing technique
在战争中有真正的优势 have a real advantage in war.
拿着燃烧之箭的弓箭手 An archer with an incendiary arrow
能做五十 一百弓箭手的工作 can do the work of fifty, a hundred archers.
因为如果他的箭一直亮着 如果射中了目标 Because if his arrow stays alight, if it hits its target
如果火开始了 那么火就会蔓延 if the fire starts, then the fire will spread.
你不需要更多的箭头 You need no more arrows.
罗得岛 公元前305年 The Isle of Rhode 305 BCE.
为了争夺亚历山大大帝的遗产 In a bit of a fight over Alexander the Great's legacy
成千上万的士兵建造了攻城塔 thousands of soldiers have built siege towers
在城墙前 before the walls of the city.
但罗德人用燃烧的箭自卫 But the Rhodians defend themselves with burning arrows.
你必须保护围城设备 比如移动塔 You have to protect siege equipment like mobile towers
由燃烧弹箭和燃烧弹组成 from incendiary arrows and incendiary compositions.
有时这是通过金属板实现的 Sometimes this was achieved with metal plates
或者把刚剥了皮的动物的皮 or by putting up the hides of freshly-skinned animals,
将肉的一面贴在塔的外墙上 attaching the flesh side to the exterior walls of the towers
以防止它们着火 to prevent them from catching fire.
但攻城塔还是被点燃了 The siege towers are set ablaze nevertheless.
这次袭击失败了 The attack has failed.
罗德人建造了著名的罗得斯巨像 The Rhodians erect the famous Colossus of Rhodes
向太阳神赫利俄斯致敬 to honor their sun god Helios.
他们的胜利归功于燃烧的箭 They owe their victory to incendiary arrows.
箭上的铁头只是其秘密的一部分 The iron head on the arrow is only part of its secret.
篮子里装的是什么是至关重要的 What's inside the basket is critical.
迈克·洛德斯 和 延斯·克里斯琴 知道哪些物质 Mike Loades and Jens Christiansen know which substances
最适合用于煽动性作文 are most suitable for the incendiary composition.
这种知识往往决定了古人的结局 This knowledge often determines the outcome of ancient
和中世纪的冲突 and medieval conflicts.
化学决定胜负 Chemistry decides on victory and defeat.
或者说 炼金术 Or rather, alchemy.
这就是古代科学的名称 That is the name of this science in the ancient world.
最早的书面记录来自埃及 The earliest written records are from Egypt.
对于燃烧箭 关于音高的知识 For incendiary arrows, knowledge about pitch
硫和碳是必不可少的 sulfur, and carbon is essential.
炼金术的起源可以追溯到很久以前 The origins of alchemy can be traced back
在历史的时刻 人们在哪里 to the moments in history where people were
积极研究不同的材料 actively looking into different materials
有意识地把它们结合起来 and consciously trying to combine them.
你会找到第一个例子 You'll find the first examples
新石器时代人类用硫磺做实验的照片 of man experimenting with sulfur in the Neolithic period.
这就是一切开始的地方 That's where it all began.
炼金术士也做了很多研究 Alchemists also do a lot of research
武器的发展 for weapons development.
大约在公元1000年 用硫磺做实验 Around the year 1000, experiments with sulfur
导致了黑色粉末在中国的发明 lead to the invention of black powder in China.
事实上 我们过去的许多突破性发现 In fact, many of the groundbreaking findings of our past
是意外的 were unplanned.
当然他们做了很多实验 They did a lot of experimenting of course
很明显 他们偶然发现了 and obviously they stumbled upon discoveries.
以黄铁矿为例 它基本上是傻瓜的黄金 Take pyrite, for example, it's basically fool's gold
如果你加热它 它开始产生烟雾 and if you heat it, it starts to produce fumes.
这些烟雾凝结在寒冷的表面 就会产生硫磺 These fumes condensate on a cold surface and you get sulfur.
你所能发现的是惊人的 It's amazing what you can discover
当你看都不看的时候 when you're not even looking.
几个世纪以来无数的实验 Countless experiments over many centuries.
炼金术士的发现将载入史册 The alchemists make discoveries that will go down in history
他们的知识像国家机密一样受到保护 Their knowledge is protected like state secrets.
这也是迈克·洛德斯和延斯·克里斯琴森所知道的 This is also how Mike Loades and Jens Christiansen know
需要什么样的煽动性作文啊 what kind of incendiary composition is needed
为了他们的铁篮子 for their iron basket.
沥青、硫磺、枯木和大麻 Pitch, sulfur, deadwood, and hemp
确保箭继续燃烧 ensure that the arrow keeps burning.
然后 我们可以把它蘸到焦油里 And then, for good measure, we can dip that in tar.
最后一步 现在是武器 The last step, now the weapon
准备好行动了 is ready for action.
有可能向目标放火吗 Will it be possible to set fire to the target
多亏了铁脑袋里的燃烧成分? thanks to the incendiary composition in the iron head?
迈克·洛德斯想要测试一下 Mike Loades wants to put that to the test.
这是我和杨斯做的箭 So this is the arrow that I made with Jens
所以它的核心是硫 so it's got the sulfur at its core
周围是枯木 外面是 around that is the deadwood, and then on the outside
脚趾沾上焦油了吗 is the toe dipped in tar, so we've got the tar going
球场在外面 the pitch is going on the outside
让我们看看它将如何执行 let's see how it will perform.
希望温度足够高 Hopefully that's getting hot enough
把枯木点燃 to get the deadwood lit inside.
你看! Well look at that!
它实际上是把! It's actually taking!
那栋房子会被烧毁 如果这是夜袭的话 That house is going to burn, and if this was a night raid
那支箭轻轻射进屋顶 the soft tap of that arrow into that roof-
没有人会听到它 没有人会看到它的到来 no one would have heard it, no one would have seen it coming
直到房子完全着火 until the house is fully ablaze.
这是一种最邪恶的战争形式 It's a most vicious form of warfare.
一场可怕的恐怖袭击 把市民们赶跑了 A terrible terror attack, to drive the citizens
使他们转去攻击他们的首领 from the city, to make them turn against their overlords
放弃吧 打开那扇门 and give up and open the gates.
有稻草屋顶的木屋 A wooden house with its straw roof
会在两分钟内销毁吗 will be destroyed within two minutes
来自上方的火力攻击 of the fire attack from above.
精心制作的箭头和黏糊糊的燃烧混合物 An elaborate arrowhead and a sticky incendiary mix
在无数的冲突中运用了千年之久的技术 a millennia old technique deployed in countless conflicts.
它一开始只是一支燃烧的箭 It started as a single incendiary arrow.
看看现在 看看那火焰 Look at it now, look at that blaze.
这是一次无声的攻击 几分钟之内就发生了 It was a silent attack, and within minutes
整个建筑都在燃烧 the whole structure is ablaze.
绝对恐怖 Absolute terror.
一种有效的中世纪武器 An effective medieval weapon.
它不仅能在陆地上完成这项工作 Not only does it get the job done on land
也在水上 but also on water.
几个世纪以来 海战的最大威胁 For centuries, the biggest threat to Naval warfare
抓钩和大炮都不是吗 are neither grappling hooks nor cannons
但燃烧的箭 but incendiary arrows.
中世纪的船是由木头和沥青制成的 Medieval ships are made of wood and pitch
而且高度易燃 而且很多水手 and are highly flammable, and a lot of the sailors
在中世纪不会游泳 during the Middle Ages couldn't swim.
所以他们面临着一个非常严峻的选择 So they faced a pretty grim choice
要么淹死 要么烧死 between either drowning or burning to death.
整个20世纪 Throughout the 20th century
化学工业的进步带来了 progress in the chemical industry brings about
更有效的燃烧武器 ever more effective incendiary weapons.
它们被称为热剂、磷、凝固汽油弹 They're called thermite, phosphor, napalm
把真正的地狱之火带到地球上 and bring real hellfire to Earth.
凝固汽油弹实际上是一个缩写 Napalm is actually an abbreviation
对于 萘酸 和 棕榈酸 凝固汽油弹 for napthenic acid and palmitic acid, NAPALM.
如果你把它和汽油混合 就会产生一种非常粘稠的东西 If you mix it with gasoline, you produce a very sticky
以及极易燃物质 and extremely flammable mass.
即使是最微小的燃烧弹滴 Even the tiniest drops of this incendiary composite
能穿透皮肤的每一层吗 can burn through every layer of skin
几秒钟内就能吃到肉 right down to the flesh within seconds.
你基本上测量膨胀 You basically measure the expansion
或者是身体表面的百分比 or the percentage of the body surface
这是由严重的深度烧伤造成的 that's effected by these severe, profound burns.
汽油弹能深入皮肤 Napalam can penetrate the skin very deeply
到皮下脂肪组织 down to the subcutaneous fatty tissue
甚至是肌肉 or even the muscles.
目前已经有生命危险 It's already considered life-threatening
当烧伤持续到皮肤表面的30%时 when burns are sustained to 30% of the skin's surface.
50%的存活率是非常非常小的 At 50%, the chance of survival is very very slim.
越南战争引起了全世界的关注 The Vietnam War draws the world's attention
凝固汽油弹的灾难性后果 to the disastrous effects of napalm.
1972年6月8日 On the eighth of June, 1972
当时9岁的越南女孩 潘金福 the then nine-year-old Vietnamese girl Kim Fuchs
在美国凝固汽油弹空袭中严重烧伤 suffers severe burns in a US napalm air strike.
她能活下来真是个奇迹 It's a miracle that she survives.
使用了凝固汽油弹女孩的照片 The photograph of the napalm girl is used
作为全世界支持反战态度的象征 as a symbol worldwide in support of anti-war attitudes
并导致美国加速撤军 and leads to the Americans accelerating their withdrawal
从越南 from Vietnam.
对 潘金福 来说 她皮肤上的伤疤 For Kim Fuchs, the scars on her skin
永远作为可怕的痛苦的提醒 forever serve as a reminder of the terrible pain
她忍受了那决定命运的一天 she endured on that fateful day.
对平民使用凝固汽油弹 The use of napalm against civilian populations
在1980年被联合国禁止 was banned by the United Nations in 1980.
历史上最重要的燃烧武器 Historically-speaking, the most important incendiary weapons
燃烧的箭 were incendiary arrows.
他们的时代随着枪支占领战场而结束 Their era ends as firearms conquer the battlegrounds.
当时 新的和更有效的武器 At the time, new and more effective weapons
对于来自上面的攻击已经可用:火箭 for the attack from above are already available: rockets.
他们的历史可以追溯到中世纪 Their history dates back to the Middle Ages
带我们去远东 and takes us to the far east.
现在是1232年 It is the year 1232.
蒙古人正在攻击中国北方的金朝 The Mongols are attacking the Jin Empire in north China.
在包围开封期间 中国人终于部署了 During the siege of Kaifeng, the Chinese finally deploy
他们的对手从未拥有过的武器 a weapon that their opponents have never
以前遇到过 been confronted with before.
然而 中国人对此已经很熟悉了 The Chinese, however, are already familiar with it
但目的完全不同 but for a whole different purpose.
中国人以前用过火药和烟火 The Chinese had used gunpowder and fireworks before
但在过去 只是为了吓跑恶鬼 but in the past, only to scare away evil spirits.
它可以吓跑邪恶的灵魂 It can scare away evil spirits
为什么连敌人都没有? why not even enemies as well?
中国人用竹条来瞄准火药 The Chinese aim bamboo canes filled with gunpowder
面对快速逼近的入侵者 at the fast-approaching invaders.
而军事影响是微不足道的 While a military impact is negligible
心理效应是强大的 the psychological effect is powerful.
火箭袭击产生噪音和浓烟 The rocket attack produces noise and dense smoke.
蒙古马奔腾而逃 The Mongol horses buck and bolt.
攻击者暂时撤退 The attackers withdraw for the time being.
火箭是一种非常有效的武器 The rocket is a very effective weapon
不是因为它杀人 而是因为它吓马 not because it kills people, but because it terrifies horses
也是中国历史上最大的敌人 and the main enemy of China throughout history
北方来了游牧马军 has been nomadic horse armies coming down from the north.
蒙古人 匈奴人…所以火箭是 The Mongols, the Huns...so the rocket is
这对中国人来说是一个非常好的武器 a really good weapon for the Chinese
因为它攻击那些使敌人变得危险的东西 because it attacks the thing that makes the enemy dangerous
他们的机动性 他们的速度 他们的能力 their mobility, their speed, their ability to
战胜中国 outmaneuver the Chinese.
德国图林根州 武器专家沃尔夫冈·斯塔贝 Thuringia, Germany. Weapons expert Wolfgang Stabe
在制造先进的火箭吗 is building an advanced rocket
原产于15世纪的韩国 originally developed in Korea in the 15th century.
这枚名为“哈瓦查”的火箭则要复杂得多 The rocket, called hwacha, is much more
而不仅仅是心理战 than just psychological warfare.
它可以发射多达100枚致命的炮弹 It can fire up to a hundred deadly projectiles
同时进行 simultaneously.
历史上第一个火箭发射器 The first rocket launcher in history.
你很难想象这么小的车 You can hardly imagine that such a small cart
这么多箭会造成灾难性的后果 with so many arrows has such a disastrous effect.
沃尔夫冈·斯塔贝和他的团队安装了火箭 Wolfgang Stabe and his team set up the rocket
就像过去人们手工做的那样 as one would have done in the old days, manually.
装满黑色粉末的纸管 A paper tube filled with black powder
与普通箭头相连 is attached to ordinary arrows.
当黑色粉末点燃时 When the black powder is ignited
后坐力以爆炸力推动火箭前进 the recoil pushes the rocket forward with explosive power
高达500米 up to 500 meters.
在我们的实验中 我们使用气球 In our experiment, we are using balloons
代表敌人的队形 to represent the enemy's formation.
韩国 哈瓦查[火箱车] 的诀窍在于它的点火机制 The trick of the Korean hwacha is its ignition mechanism.
一个人可以同时射出一百支箭 One man can fire a hundred arrows at the same time.
点火技术很简单 The ignition technique is quite simple.
主保险丝弦点燃第一行 This main fuse chord ignites the first row.
如果这个开始燃烧 第二个保险丝 If that one starts to burn, the second fuse
点燃第二行 ignites the second row.
这意味着上面的这些已经开始爆炸了 That means the ones up here will already be going off
平行于这一行 最后一行 parallel to this row, so the last one
就是下面那个 will be that one down there.
但是这个原理在我们的实验中有效吗? But will the principle work in our experiment?
在16世纪末 At the end of the 16th century
韩国人反对日本入侵 Koreans are opposing a Japanese invasion.
日本人派出了他们的武士营 The Japanese send their samurai battalions
固定阵型作战 理想目标 fighting in fixed formation, the ideal target
对于 哈瓦查 火箭导弹 理论上 for the hwacha rocket missiles, in theory.
在我们的测试环境中 成功是……适度的 In our test setting, the success is...modest.
这就是结果 Well, that's a result.
我没有完全达到目标 但在一天结束的时候 I didn't quite hit the target, but at the end of the day
我认为这是一种危险的武器 I'd say it was a dangerous weapon.
反冲原理起作用了 The recoil principle has worked.
这种武器很先进 The weapon is sophisticated.
说实话 这让我很害怕 To be honest, this really scares me.
如果我站在这里 箭如雨般落在我身上 If I stood here and arrows rained down on me
我想我会逃跑 但我不知道 I think I'd just run away, and I have no idea
他们将在哪里着陆 总之 这是一个非常有力的武器 where they'll land, all in all quite a potent weapon.
不是很准确 但只有一个人 Not perfectly accurate, but one single man
一眨眼的功夫就能射出一百支箭 can fire one hundred arrows in the blink of an eye.
我们的 哈瓦查 复制品已经发射了全部100枚火箭 Our hwacha replica has fired all of its 100 rockets.
我们可能无法拿下对武士的进攻 We probably could not have taken down attacking samurais
用我们的实验 但在现实中 with our experiment, but in reality
军队使用的不仅仅是一个哈瓦查 而是几十个哈瓦查 armies did not use just one hwacha, but dozens of them.
他们的影响将挫败…的计划 Their effect will thwart the plans of
日本将军丰臣秀吉 Japanese general Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
他想入侵朝鲜半岛 He wants to invade the Korean Peninsula
在16世纪末 at the end of the 16th century.
韩国军队强烈反对日本人 The Korean troops fiercely oppose the Japanese
在漫长的 英金战争 期间 during the long Imjin War.
在哈瓦查的帮助下 他们度过了这场冲突 Throughout this conflict, with the help of their hwachas
韩国人屡获成功 the Koreans are repeatedly successful
阻止日本人 in stopping the Japanese.
黄久之 1593年2月 3000韩国人 Huang Jiu, February 1593, three thousand Koreans
面对一万名日本士兵 are facing ten thousand Japanese soldiers.
他们所做的就是用四十个瓦卡来保卫自己 What they did was defend themselves with forty hwachas
向日本人射出几千支箭 firing several thousand arrows at the Japanese.
他们逃离该领土 结果 They fled the territory, resulting in
韩国人取得了惊人的胜利 a stunning victory for the Koreans.
欧洲人开始了解亚洲的火箭技术 The Europeans get to know the Asian rocket technology
在印度 学会恐惧 in India, and learn to fear it.
在18世纪 英国人遇到了 In the eighteenth century, the English encountered
印度火箭 它们非常强大 Indian rockets, these are quite powerful, they had
金属外壳 如果它们撞到像人一样的东西 metal cases, and if they hit something like a man
或者一匹马 它们可能非常危险 or a horse, they could be quite dangerous.
英国将军威廉·康格里夫 British general William Congreve
继续发展核武器 continues developing the weapon
并很快得到其他将军的支持 and soon receives support from other generals.
这是一种便宜、轻便、便携式的轰炸装置 It's a cheap, light, man-portable bombardment device.
不像火炮 它需要大量的人员 Unlike an artillery piece, which needs a large crew
移动它 操作它 因为它很重 to move it and to operate it because it's heavy.
火箭 它是一种自制的武器 The rocket, it's a self contained fire and forget weapon.
你所需要的只是几块木头做一个斜坡 All you need is a few bits of wood to make a ramp
你只要把它点燃 and you just fire it.
康格里夫 火箭不是一个多管火箭发射器 The Congreve rocket is not a multiple rocket launcher
就像 哈瓦查 但当它击中目标时 like the hwacha, but when it hits a target
它会爆炸并释放出锋利的金属碎片 it explodes and releases sharp metal shards.
我们的下一个测试 Our next test.
我们已经改装了一个真正的火箭来确保 We've adapted a real rocket to ensure
它不再对我们构成威胁 that it no longer poses a danger to us.
由塑料制成的小零件 而不是像原来那样由金属制成 Small parts made of plastic, not metal like the original.
为了达到弹片效果 我们使用了豌豆 And for the shrapnel effect, we used peas.
他们是那么危险 They're less dangerous.
火药再一次触发了至关重要的反冲效应 Again, gunpowder triggers the crucial recoil effect.
然而 是什么让这枚火箭如此特别 Yet what makes this rocket so special
是炸药和推进剂的混合物 is the combination of explosive and propellant.
这就是它如此危险的原因 That's what makes it so perilous.
因此 沃尔夫冈·斯塔贝努力了 Therefore, Wolfgang Stabe endeavors
为我们打造一个安全的版本 to build us a safe version.
火箭已经准备好了 它同样具有爆炸性 The rocket is ready, and it's just as explosive
最早是在19世纪 as the original back in the 19th century.
我们去看爆炸吧 Let's go and witness the bang.
但是有没有办法知道有多高有多远 But is there a way of knowing how high and how far
武器一升到空中就会开火吗? the weapon will fire once it's up in the air?
爆炸将在哪里发生? Where will the detonation take place?
我们需要做一个测试运行 We need to do a test run.
这正是他们过去的做法 This is exactly how they did it in the past.
他们尽可能地使用三脚架 They used a tripod of sorts, where they could
调整角度 但他们必须试着观察 adjust the angle, but they had to try and observe
轨迹 否则是不可能的 the trajectory, otherwise it would've been impossible
有针对性的射击 to make a targeted shot.
我们也会这么做 做一些热身镜头 We'll do the same, make some warm up shots
然后我们会设定目标 then we'll set up our targets.
沃尔夫冈•斯塔贝 求助于远程点火 Wolfgang Stabe resorts to remote ignition
为了安全起见 to be on the safe side.
这样 我们就可以从安全的距离发射火箭 This way, we can fire the rocket from a safe distance
因为我不知道它会去哪里 because I don't know where it will go.
它也可能在我们脸上爆炸 It could also blow up in our faces.
自制火箭已经就位 The homemade rocket is in position.
沃尔夫冈·斯塔贝把它和点火电缆连接起来 Wolfgang Stabe connects it to the ignition cable.
现在我们都准备好了 Now we're all set.
三两个…… Three...Two...One...
有一些侧风 所以它渐渐减弱了 There was some crosswind, so it drifted off a little.
但是我们已经到达了我们需要的距离 But we're at the distance that we need
我认为我们可以通过这种方式看到一些结果 and I think we can see some results this way.
我们会在安全距离设置几个目标 We'll set up a few targets at a safe distance.
漫斋的气球将再次占据这个位置 Mangzhai's balloons will once again take the place
我们的敌人 of our enemy.
计划是让火箭击中他们 The plan is to make the rocket hit them
正好在中间爆炸 right in the middle and explode.
一个真实世界的实验 A real world experiment.
那边是袭击者 我们的气球 Over there are the attackers, our balloons
这是火箭 准备发射 here is the rocket, ready to be fired.
单枚火箭会更有效吗 Will the single rocket be more effective
比赫瓦查的倾盆大雨还厉害? than the projectile downpour of the hwacha?
安全了 我在倒数 All safe, I'm counting down.
三两个……和火 Three...Two...One...And fire.
这是工作! And it's working!
火箭恰好在它应该爆炸的地方爆炸 The rocket explodes exactly where it's supposed to.
在真正的战斗中 它会发射金属碎片 In a real battle, it would've shot metal shards
通过空气 不是豌豆 through the air, not peas.
它正好落在他们中间 It went right down into the middle of them.
作为一名士兵 你可能根本不会注意到 As a soldier, you probably wouldn't even notice it.
你可以看到所有碎片的去向 And you can see where all the shreds go
在我们的例子中 豌豆摧毁了一切 in our case the peas, and they destroy everything
半径在5米以内 讨厌的 within a five meter radius. Nasty.
不像我们的复制品 19世纪 Unlike our replica, the 19th century
康格里夫 火箭有一个金属外壳 Congreve rocket has a metal casing.
它在战场上的部署是毁灭性的 Its deployment in battle is devastating.
尤其是在一次发射数百发子弹时 Especially when fired in salvos of hundreds at a time.
这是弹片 因为我们不能用金属 This is our shrapnel, because we couldn't use metal here.
但是我们可以看到即使是这些小豌豆 But what we can see is that even these tiny peas
飞得如此之远以至于他们能够摧毁气球 fly so far that they're able to destroy the balloons.
想象一下被这样的弹片击中 Just imagine being hit by shrapnel like that.
康格里夫一直在研发这些武器 Congreve keeps developing these weapons
用更精确的电荷使它们更精确 to make them more accurate, with more accurate charges
通过移动棍子使它处于中心而不是一边 by moving the stick so it's central rather than on one side
增加它的大小以便携带 and increasing the size so it can carry
几公斤的燃烧弹或爆炸弹头的有效载荷 a payload of several kilos incendiary or explosive warhead.
这些会被正确地使用 And these will be used right the way
经历了19世纪英国的帝国战争 through the 19th century in Britain's wars of empire
作为获得重型武器的唯一途径 as the only way of getting heavy weapons
在困难地区瞄准目标 onto target in difficult areas.
康格里夫火箭也被使用 Congreve rockets are also used
在1813年的莱比锡战役中 in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813.
这是19世纪最大规模的军事冲突 The largest military encounter of the 19th century
有60多万士兵 with more than 600,000 soldiers.
而拿破仑正在攻击普鲁士的盟友 While Napoleon is attacking the Prussians on their allies
一支英国火箭旅来帮助他们 a British rocket brigade comes to their aid.
它正好击中了士兵中间的人群 It hit the group right in the center between the soldiers
在骑兵之间 像弹片一样爆炸 between the cavalry, exploding like shrapnel
伤害或杀害许多人 是一种残忍的后果 hurting or killing many people, a brutal effect.
这些早期火箭在战场上的作用 The effect of these early rockets on the battlefield
如此令人印象深刻 以至于它将被载入历史 is so impressive, that it will go down in one of history's
最著名的国歌 best-known national anthems.
康格里夫的火箭声名狼藉 Congreve's rockets achieve notoriety
在美国国歌《星条旗永不落》中 in the American national anthem, The Star Spangled Banner
指的是“火箭的红光” which refers to "the Rockets' red glare"
还有空中的炸弹 and the bombs in the air.
这是弗朗西斯·斯科特·基写的 It was written by Francis Scott Key
谁看了英国轰炸巴尔的摩 who watched the British bombard Baltimore
1814年用火箭和迫击炮 with rockets and mortars in 1814
第二天早上他写了这篇文章 and he wrote the piece the next morning when
所有这些燃烧的烟花都失败了 all of these incendiary fireworks had failed
把美国人赶出巴尔的摩 to drive the Americans out of Baltimore.
他们把火箭送入每个美国人的心脏 They put the rocket into the heart of every American
因为他们都知道这些词 because they all know the words.
火箭不仅仅是一种有效的武器 Rockets can be more than just effective weapons.
美国工程师和发明家 An American engineer and inventor
在早期就抓住了他们的潜力 seized their potential early on.
美国物理学家罗伯特·戈达德早在1919年就声称 US physicist Robert Goddard claims as early as 1919
对人类来说 这很快就会成为可能 that it will soon be possible for men
在火箭的帮助下到达月球 to reach the moon with the help of rockets.
在戈达德发射之前没有人愿意相信他 No one wants to believe him until Goddard launches
第一枚燃料为汽油和液氧的火箭 the first rocket fueled with gasoline and liquid oxygen.
从我们今天的观点来看 你可能会说 From our point of view today, you would probably say
实验失败是因为火箭 that the experiment failed because the rocket
上升到空中的时间不超过2.5秒 rose into the air for no more than two and a half seconds.
然而 这是一个突破性的成功 Nevertheless, it was a groundbreaking success
因为它是第一个液体燃料火箭 since it was the first ever liquid-fueled rocket.
这一革命性的火箭推进剂技术 This revolutionized rocket propellant technology.
戈达德随后的火箭发射 Goddard's subsequent rocket launches
就像1930年在新墨西哥州发生的这一件事 就更成功了 like this one in New Mexico in 1930, are more successful.
他最重要的发现是:当使用液体推进剂时 His most essential finding: when using a liquid propellant
反冲机制甚至可以在真空中工作 the recoil mechanism can even work in a vacuum.
这意味着在太空中 That means in space.
罗伯特·戈达德没能活着看到 Robert Goddard doesn't live to see
第一次到外太空旅行 the first trip to outer space.
然而 他制定了标准 He, however, set the standards.
液体推进剂将继续存在 Liquid propellant is here to stay.
战争再一次加速了进步 Once again, war accelerates progress.
诺曼达码头 位于德国波罗的海沿岸 Pier Nomanda, at the Baltic Sea coast of Germany.
科学家为希特勒设计新武器 Scientists design new weapons for Hitler.
他们研制了历史上第一枚有效的巡航导弹 They develop the first functioning cruise missile in history
叫做V-1 一种会飞的炸弹 called the V-1, a flying bomb
有机翼和脉冲喷气发动机 with wings and pulse-jet engine.
V-1是德国的恐怖武器 The V-1 is a German terror weapon
最常见的是针对伦敦居民的 most frequently deployed against the residents of London.
它有一个燃料供应限制 这意味着… It has a fuel supply limit, which means...
当它飞了一段距离后 它会突然停止飞行并坠毁 When it's flown a certain distance, it cuts out and crashes.
这个距离是从发射基地到伦敦市中心 That distance is from the launch base to central London.
所以他们过去经常轰炸伦敦 而且速度很快 So they used to bombard London, and quite quickly
英国人解决这些问题的速度很慢 the British work out these things are slow
而且相当麻烦 而且是最好的办法 and quite cumbersome, and the best thing to do
是派战斗机上去吗 is to get some fighter planes up there
把它们翻过来 and literally tip them over.
所以英国战斗机在旁边飞行 So the British fighters fly alongside
真的 只要举起翅膀 把它掀翻 and literally just lift a wing and tip this thing
失去平衡 它就会掉到地上 out of balance, and it crashes to the ground
在它到达伦敦之前在田野里 in the fields before it gets to London.
紧随机翼炸弹而来的是一个更可怕的继任者 A more terrifying successor soon follows the wing bomb
它被命名为复仇武器1 that bears the name Vengeance Weapon 1.
制造这种新武器的工程师是维尔纳·冯·布劳恩 The engineer behind the new weapon is Werner von Braun.
他的火箭飞行高度为100公里 His rocket has an operational altitude of 100 kilometers
大气层和外层空间的边界 the boundary between our atmosphere and outer space.
在当时 这是一项空前的成就 At the time, this marked an unprecedented achievement.
V-2在1944年9月投入使用 The V-2 is operational by September 1944.
而V-1可以听到和警报声 While the V-1 could be heard and sirens
能警告大众V-2吗 could warn the population, the V-2
静静地降落在伦敦 dropped silently down on London.
这是一枚超音速火箭 It's a supersonic rocket.
它的部署夺去了大约8000条生命 Its deployment claims about 8000 lives.
幸运的是 英国人找到了最好的答案 Fortunately, the British have worked out the best answer
这是对影响的错误报道 to this is to misreport the impacts.
所以他们报告的影响是 So they're reporting the impacts as being
比实际距离要远得多 much further away than they actually are
所以德国人调整了他们的目标 and so the Germans adjust their targeting
把他们扔到田野里 因为德国人 and fire them into fields, because the Germans
不能在英国上空进行侦察吗 can't get any reconnaissance over Britain
为了了解他们的影响 他们阅读报纸 to see where they're impacting, they're reading newspapers
报纸也没有说实话 and newspapers aren't telling the truth.
但是V-2不仅在英国有受害者 But the V-2 does not only claim victims in England.
德国多拉-密特尔堡集中营的囚犯 Prisoners in the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, Germany
被迫在不人道的条件下制造武器 are forced to build the weapon under inhumane conditions.
当美军解放集中营时 When the US forces liberate the camp
他们偶然看到可怕的景象 they stumble upon terrible sights.
对于火箭计划 有2万多名囚犯 For the rocket program, more than 20,000 prisoners
由于强迫劳动而丧失了生命 lost their lives due to forced labor.
矛盾的是 更多的人死亡 Paradoxically, far more people died
制造武器时 when manufacturing the weapon,
而不是因为它的实际部署 than as a result of its actual deployment.
希特勒的火箭先驱不是 Hitler's rocket pioneer is not
战后被追究责任 held accountable after the war.
他移居美国 年代 和发展 He migrates to the U.S, and develops
更强大的火箭 ever more potent rockets.
然后我们有我们的火箭军备竞赛 And then we have our rocket arms race
两个超级大国到处吹嘘 in which the two superpowers go around boasting
他们的导弹比别人的大 that their missile is bigger than the other guy's missile.
1957年10月4日 苏联派遣 Fourth of October, 1957, the Soviet Union sends
第一颗人造卫星进入太空 the first artificial satellite into space.
信息很清楚:我们可以攻击 The message is clear: we can attack
地球上任何有这种火箭的地方 any place on Earth with a rocket like this.
在冷战期间 东方和西方 During the Cold War, east and west
能把敌人消灭好几次吗 could have annihilated their enemies several times over
和他们的核武器库 with their arsenal of nuclear bombs.
题目告诉我们什么? What are they telling us?
你知道 这是公开的展示 You know, this is overt display.
“看看我 看看我能做什么 ” "Look at me, look at what I can do."
在过去你会做什么 What you'd have done in the old days
拥有一支庞大的陆军和海军 with a big army and a large navy
一些很棒的飞机 你现在用火箭 and some fabulous airplanes, you now do with a rocket.
火箭是你站立的象征 The rocket is your stand up symbol.
也是我们这个时代最大的威胁之一 And one of the biggest threats of our time.
战争中最大的痛苦 The greatest suffering in the wars
然而 在20世纪不是由火箭引起的 of the 20th century, however, is not caused by rockets
但被部署了另一种武器 but by another weapon deployed
从空中 空中炸弹 from the skies, the aerial bomb.
超过三吨炸药 More than three tons of explosives
从天而降 整个城市被摧毁 are dropped from the skies, whole cities are ravaged.
轰炸的历史开始了 The history of bombing begins
在1849年的意大利独立战争中 in the Italian War of Independence in 1849.
威尼斯与奥地利开战 Venice fights against Austria.
陆军元帅拉德茨基面临着一个问题 Field Marshal Radetzky faces a problem.
用他现在的军火库是到不了威尼斯的 He can't reach Venice with his current arsenal.
奥地利炮弹全部落入水中 The Austrian cannonballs all end up in the water.
1849年夏天 他们找到了一条路 In the summer of 1849, they find a way.
气球上的炸药在这个泻湖城市上空盘旋 Explosives attached to balloons hover over the lagoon city.
这是历史上第一次空中炸弹袭击 It is the first airborne bomb attack in history.
我不认为这是可以想象的 I don't think it's even possible to imagine
人们心中的恐惧 the terror that went through people's minds
当一颗炸弹从上面掉下来的时候 when a bomb dropped from above.
“它来自天空 我们要去哪里?” "It's coming from the sky, where do we go?"
“无处可逃 无处可藏 ” "There's nowhere to run, there's no place to hide."
“它正落在我们身上 我们对此无能为力 ” "It's falling on us and we can't do anything about it."
这是第一次发生 And for that to have happened for the first time
所以人们不知道那是什么 so people didn't know what it was
人们不知道如何保护自己 people didn't know how to protect themselves.
威尼斯受到霍乱的侵袭 人们遭受饥荒 Venice is struck by cholera, people are hit by famine.
气球炸弹是引爆点 城市投降 The balloon bombs are the tipping point, the city surrenders
然而 炸弹确实击中了他们的目标 That the explosives actually hit their target, however
对奥地利来说 这只是一种运气 was just a stroke of luck for Austria.
气球炸弹的概念 The concept of a balloon bomb
当然完全是胡说八道 is of course complete nonsense.
即使我知道确切的风况 Even if I knew the exact wind conditions
在我想扔炸弹的地方 in the place where I want to drop the bomb
这在一百米之外可能是完全不同的 that could be totally different a hundred meters away
或者在另一个大气层 or in another atmospheric layer.
风在不同的高度有不同的反应 Wind reacts differently at different altitudes.
所以 从技术上讲 这不是一个好主意 So, technically, this was not a very good idea.
飞机提供了更高的精确度 Airplanes offer more accuracy.
在20世纪初 At the beginning of the 20th century
动力飞机首次亮相 powered airplanes make their debut.
1903年12月 莱特兄弟 In December 1903, the Wright Brothers
有了他们的重大突破——第一次动力飞行 have their big breakthrough- the first powered flight.
小鹰号在空中漂浮了59秒 Kitty Hawk floats in the air for 59 seconds.
它很快引起了军方的注意 It catches the military's attention in no time.
朱利奥·加沃蒂 是一名飞行员 Giulio Gavotti is a pilot in
利比亚的意大利-土耳其战争 the Italo-Turkish War in Libyan.
1911年11月1日 On the first of November, 1911
他从飞机上扔下四颗手榴弹 he drops four grenades from his airplane.
它们爆炸了 但没有人受伤 They explode, but no one gets hurt.
加沃蒂是第一个进行空中轰炸的人 Gavotti is the first man to make an aerial bombardment.
保加利亚队长西蒙·彼得罗夫 Bulgarian captain Simeon Petrov
是第一个完善这个想法的 is the first to refine the idea.
知道普通手榴弹只是掉在地上 Knowing that ordinary grenades just tumble to the ground
他发明了一种更有效的炸弹 he develops a more effective type of bomb.
你设计鳍的时候越聪明 The more clever you were in designing the fins
而炸弹的鼻锥 则更多 and the nose cone of the bomb, the more
它越准确 就越有可能被击中 accurate it would be, the more likely it was to hit
你瞄准的目标 而不是 the target you were aiming at, rather than
只要降落在地面的某个地方 just land on the ground somewhere.
所以炸弹设计不仅仅是 So bomb design is not just about
砰的一声 是关于位的 the thing that goes bang, it's about the bit
这样就能准确准确地把它送到地面 that gets it to the ground accurately and precisely.
彼得罗夫的航空炸弹是第一个 Petrov's aerial bomb is the first of its kind
并在全球范围内广受欢迎 and gains worldwide popularity.
最初部署于1912年 It is initially deployed in 1912.
这些翼片使这种新型炸弹能够进行空气动力飞行 The fins make the new bomb travel aerodynamically
稳定在空气中 and stabilize it in the air.
即使是手动掉下来的 就像第一次世界大战一样 Even if it's dropped manually, like in World War I.
我们的下一个实验… Our next experiment...
还有历史学家斯蒂芬·布尔 Together with historian Stephen Bull
我们想要模拟瞄准过程 we want to simulate the aiming process
第一次世界大战的飞行员 of World War I pilots.
这些是一些炸弹的复制品 These are copies of some of the bombs
从第一次世界大战开始 重量可能是 from the first World War, and the weight is probably
一个人就能处理这么多 很方便 as much as one man can handle, conveniently.
如果你比这个重很多 If you go much heavier than this
你需要更好的技术 you're going to need better technology.
人工投炸弹有多精确? How accurate can a bomb be dropped manually?
机场上的红十字会是我们的目标 A red cross on an airfield is our target.
所以击中地面上的目标有多容易 So just how easy is it to hit a target on the ground
从一架移动的飞机上投掷炸弹 from a moving aircraft by throwing a bomb
在飞机的一侧? over the side of the plane?
我们马上就知道了 We're about to find out.
规则很简单:高于目标 The rules are simple: above the target
空中炸弹是用肉眼投下的 the aerial bomb is dropped by eye.
经验丰富的机组人员提供支持 An experienced airplane crew provides support
斯蒂芬·牛 for Stephen Bull.
一旦炸弹模型装载完毕 Once the bomb models are loaded
它们将上升到400米的高度 they will rise to an altitude of 400 meters.
我们现在在轰炸飞机里 So we're inside the bombing aircraft now.
这是一架安东诺夫安-2双翼飞机 This is an Antonov An-2 biplane
所以它的特征很相似 so its characteristics are quite similar
第一次世界大战的一些飞机 to some of the first World War aircraft
那是用来投炸弹的 that would have been used to drop bombs.
这架飞机可以飞得很慢 This plane can fly very slowly.
事实上 如果风速很大的话 In fact if the wind speeds are strong
它看起来是静止的 it can appear to be stationary.
不利的一面是我们必须保持大门敞开 The downside is that we have to keep the door open
所以这将是非常令人兴奋的 so it's going to be quite exciting.
机器上升高度并加速 The machine gains altitude and accelerates
时速150公里 条件相似 to 150 kilometers an hour, conditions similar
献给那些在第一次世界大战中遭受空袭的人们 to those during an airstrike in World War I.
他们已经把炸弹准备好了 They've got the bomb ready in position
那些人在门口 and the guys are in the doorway.
再往右一点 A little bit more to the right
在保持他们的位置和高度之前 before maintaining their position and altitude.
炸弹在门口 他们在找十字架 Bomb's in the doorway, they're looking for the cross
我在找十字架 I'm looking for the cross.
炸弹的! Bomb's away!
我想看看它落在哪儿了 I'm trying to see where it's landed.
我真的不确定我们离目标有多近 I'm really not sure how close to the target we were.
炸弹是用肉眼投下的 The bomb was successfully dropped by eye.
但它是否达到了预期目标? But has it hit its intended target?
我们离十字架有多近? How close did we get to the actual cross?
据目击者称 So according to an eyewitness
炸弹在这附近 某个地方 the bomb is roundabout here, somewhere.
啊 这是石膏的残骸 Ah, this is the remains of plaster
还有炸弹的中心部分和翼片 and the central section of the bomb and the fins
它实际上是埋在地下的 and it's actually embedded in the ground.
我想应该是20到30厘米 I would've thought twenty, thirty centimeters.
是的 还有炸弹的鼻子 Yup, and there is the nose of the bomb
鳍真的不再是鳍了 and the fins really are no longer fins
所以它完全被毁了 so it's completely mangled.
如果里面装满了炸药 If it had been full of explosives
你甚至不会剩下这么多 you wouldn't even have this much left.
相当混乱 Quite a mess.
我们的炸弹假人撞到地上了 Our bomb dummy has hit the ground
离目标大约90米 about 90 meters off the target.
我认为我们做得相当好 I think we've done reasonably well.
但即便如此 如果这是一小群男性 But even so, if this was a small group of men
如果我们一直瞄准 就会错过 we'd been aiming at, we'd have missed it.
第一次世界大战飞行员所取得的结果 The results obtained by World War I pilots
可能纯粹是运气 were likely pure luck.
单独用眼睛瞄准目标 Hitting a target by eye alone
已经是一个巨大的挑战 即使在 is already a huge challenge, even in
最好的天气条件 the best of weather conditions.
若有暴风 也是枉然 If there are storm winds, it is futile
甚至可以飞到空中 to even go up in the air.
尽管如此 天气一直如此 Nevertheless, the weather has always been
这对军队来说是一个决定性的因素 a decisive factor for the military.
1944年诺曼底登陆行动期间 During the D-Day landing operation in Normandy in 1944
同盟国正等待着欧洲的解放 the Allies are waiting to start the liberation of Europe.
美国气象学家预测短时间内会出现反气旋 The US meteorologists predict a short anti-cyclone
对于6月6日来说 这是一个绝好的机会 for the sixth of June, a golden opportunity
因为德国人预计会有更多降雨 since the Germans are expecting more rain.
盟军入侵 并使德国士兵措手不及 The Allies invade, and surprise the German soldiers.
尽管损失惨重 这次登陆还是成功了 Despite large losses, the landing is successful.
天气也发挥了重要作用 Weather has also played a major role
中世纪战争的结果 in the outcome of medieval wars.
许多总司令都避免参加战斗 Many commanders in chief avoid going to battle
在多雨的环境中;泥泞的战场 in rainy conditions; a muddy battleground
对双方都不利 is disadvantageous for both sides.
1346年 克雷西:在第一次主要的陆地战役中 CrÃ©cy, 1346: in the first major land battle
在英法百年战争中 between France and England in the Hundred Years' War
尽管天气不好 敌人还是逃到田野里去了 the enemies take to the fields despite the bad weather.
但是法国的弩手们在雨中挣扎 But France's crossbow shooters struggle in the rain.
绳子太湿 地面太滑 The strings are too wet, the ground is too slippery
让射手们站稳脚跟 for the shooters to get a solid standing.
无法控制天气 The inability to control the weather
可能是最…沮丧和排水 is probably one of the most... frustrating and draining
以及战争对心理的伤害 and psychologically-damaging aspects of war.
但是你能把风和天气因素考虑进去吗? But how well can you factor in wind and weather?
我们想再试一次 We want to give it another try.
手动投炸弹 但要考虑到风的影响 Dropping a bomb manually, but taking the wind into account.
你可能没有意识到的是炸弹 What you may not realize is that the bomb
会以同样的速度离开飞机吗 will be leaving the aircraft at the same speed
飞机在运动 所以我们必须 as the aircraft is moving, so we're going to have to
仔细判断两者之间的距离 judge carefully the distance between
发布和目标 the release and the target.
我们把一个白色的十字架放在离红十字会375米远的地方 We place a white cross 375 meters away from the red cross.
炸弹必须从这里投下去 The bomb has to be dropped from this
在红色区域内着陆的位置 position to land within the red.
根据我们的计算 According to our calculations regarding
高度 速度 空气阻力和炸弹的重量 altitude, speed, air resistance and the weight of the bomb
这是释放它的最佳场所 this is the perfect place to release it.
我离400米的高度很近了 I'm very close to a 400 meter drop
我只是不想再靠近了 and I just don't wanna get any closer.
他在找十字架 He's looking for the cross.
白色的十字架就在我们的正下方 The white cross is directly underneath us.
投弹完毕! Bombs away!
我真的不知道他们去哪儿了 Well I really don't know where they've gone yet.
炸弹比第一次更接近目标了吗? Did the bomb get closer to the target than the first time?
回到坚实的地面上 斯蒂芬·布尔开始了 Back on solid ground, Stephen Bull begins
寻找我们的炸弹 并不像看上去那么容易 to search for our bomb, not as easy as it seems.
我有一个 我有一个炸弹! I've got one, I've got a bomb!
我能感觉到尾鳍 还有一些… I can feel the tail fins, and some...
大约半米深 About half a meter down.
撞击地点距离目标大约50米 The impact site is about fifty meters off target.
与第一次试验相比有所改善 An improvement compared to the first trial.
我能把它拔出来吗 太难了 Can I pull it out, it's very so hard
我们需要两个人 三个人 and so deep, we'll need two men, three men.
和一把铁锹 好吧 And a spade. Okay.
假炸弹挖得很深 The dummy bomb has dug deep
鼻子先着地 into the ground nose-first.
真正的攻击造成的失败将是相当的 A dud from a real attack would be comparably
埋得很深 相对来说也很难找到 deeply buried and comparably difficult to find.
好吧 我们一直在用一个强壮的家伙 Okay, so we've been using a strong guy
还有一把铲子 一个小时后 and a shovel, and it's an hour later
我们仍然不能移动这个炸弹 and we still can't shift this bomb.
但我们可以肯定它是一个 But we can be sure that it was one
这是通过计算得到的 that was put here by means of calculation
从上方瞄准白色瞄准标 aimed at the white aiming mark from above
并降落在我们的目标区域 红十字会附近 and fell near to our target area, the red cross.
所以数学是有帮助的 但在第一次世界大战期间 So maths can help, but during the first World War
这既是运气 也是判断 it was both luck and judgment.
直到第二次世界大战 It isn't until World War II
爆炸变得更加精确 that bombings become more accurate.
利用德国轰炸机的定点俯冲 Making use of targeted dives, German bombers
就像 容客 87 能够击中目标一样 like the Junkers 87 are able to hit their targets
半径在几米之内 within a radius of a couple of meters.
改进的目标设备和新的策略 Improved targeting devices and the new strategy of
地毯式轰炸改变了游戏规则 carpet bombing are a game changer.
更大的机器和越来越多的炸弹 With bigger machines and an increasing number of bombs
德国人攻击市中心和工业区 the Germans attack city centers and industrial zones.
炸弹如雨点般落在华沙、瓦特达姆和考文垂 Bombs rain down on Warsaw, Waterdam, and Coventry.
然后英国和美国的轰炸机进行了反击 Then the British and American bombers strike back.
双方都受到重创 整个城市很快化为灰烬 Both sides are hit hard, entire cities soon lay in ashes.
房屋变成废墟 60万人死亡 Houses turn to rubble, 600,000 people die.
杀害平民并不是附带损害 The killing of civilians is not collateral damage.
这是积极的计划 It is actively planned.
英国轰炸机司令部司令兼司令 Commander and chief of the British bomber command
亚瑟·哈里斯想让德国人泄气 Arthur Harris wants to demoralize the German population.
道德轰炸是以有针对性的方式使用的 Moral bombing is used in a targeted manner
使双方的平民百姓士气低落 to demoralize civilian populations on both sides.
人类的损失被有意识地考虑在内 Human losses were consciously factored in
作为实现军事目标的一种手段 as a means to achieve one's military objectives.
盟军的轰炸并不准确 The Allies' bombardments are not accurate.
然而 却落在人口稠密的城市 Dropped on densely-populated cities, however
炸弹倾盆而下袭击了公寓大楼 the downpour of bombs hits apartment buildings
即使没有精确的目标计算 even without precise target calculations.
轰炸背后有一个致命的战略 There's a deadly strategy behind the bombardments.
首先 投下爆炸性炸弹进行拆除 First, explosive bombs are dropped to demolish
公寓和房屋的屋顶和窗户 the roofs and windows of apartment buildings and houses.
这些炸弹之后是磷弹和热弹 These bombs are followed by phosphorous and thermite
燃烧弹 确保现在 incendiary bombs, to ensure that the now
未受保护的建筑物着火 unprotected buildings catch fire.
消防队又要遭受一次冲击 The firefighter squads are in for another shock.
有些炸弹有定时引信 Some of the bombs have time fuses.
试图扑灭大火是有生命危险的 Trying to extinguish the fires is life-threatening.
汉堡在1943年夏天遭到了“蛾摩拉行动”的袭击 Hamburg is hit by Operation Gomorrah in the summer of '43.
英国轰炸机的最初目标 The British bombers initially target
城市中心和港口 然后继续 the city center and the port, before moving on
在城市的东部 to the eastern part of the city
工人阶级社区 a working-class neighborhood.
一场大火在这座城市肆虐 超过3万人丧生 An inferno rages in the city, more than 30,000 people perish
我能看到人们 如果他们被轰炸 I can see how people, if they're being bombed
希望战争结束 他们也希望战争结束 want the war to end, and they want the war
立即结束 to end immediately.
然而 通常发生的是 However, what happens generally is that people
对敌人多些愤怒和怨恨 build up more anger and resentment against the enemy
如果他们失去了亲人 If they've lost their loved ones
如果他们不断被轰炸 if they're being bombed continually
它只会制造更多的愤怒 all it does is create more anger
更多的创伤和绝望 and more trauma and more despair.
道德轰炸的企图失败了 The moral bombing attempts fail.
德国人坚持不懈的意志 The Germans' will to persevere
没有被轰炸削弱 is not weakened by the bombardments.
恰恰相反…… Quite on the contrary...
本质上是战略轰炸的无能 Essentially the incompetence of strategic bombing
在战争初期导致了人口的减少 early in the war led to a reduction
以道德标准为目标 in the moral standards of targeting
地面上没有士兵 something that no soldier on the ground
会不会认为随意杀害平民是可以接受的 would think was acceptable, the random killing of civilians
成为空军的标准做法 became standard practice for air forces.
所有的空军 任何人都会投下炸弹 All air forces, anybody will just drop some bombs.
一旦你到了那里 轰炸他们 Once you get there, bomb them.
野蛮达到了新的高潮 The barbarity reaches a new climax
在日本上空的空战中 in aerial warfare over Japan.
1945年3月9日 东京 Tokyo, ninth of March, 1945.
城市的大部分被摧毁了 The majority of the city is destroyed.
超过10万人在袭击中丧生 More than 100,000 people die in the attack
比广岛和长崎的原子弹爆炸还要严重 more than in the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
一次又一次 空中炸弹又回来了 Time and time again, the aerial bomb returns
1945年之后无数的战争剧场 to countless war theaters after 1945.
无论是越南还是叙利亚 这枚空中炸弹依然存在 Be it Vietnam or Syria, the aerial bomb remains
从上面攻击的标准武器 the standard weapon for the attack from above.
然而 携带炸弹的飞机发生了变化 The airplanes carrying the bombs, however, change.
不是为了保护平民 而是为了保护飞行员 Not to protect civilians, but rather the pilots.
最初设计用于观察 Originally designed for observation
无人机可以在接到命令时无声地投下炸弹 drones can silently drop bombs at command
完全无人驾驶 and are completely unmanned.
飞行员容易犯错 他们非常昂贵 Pilots are fallible, they're very expensive
在飞机上携带 to carry in airplanes.
他们把飞机的大小增加了一倍 They double the size of the airplane
它们的生命维持系统消耗空间和燃料 their life support systems eat up space and burn fuel.
我们已经把飞行员带出了飞机 The fact that we've taken the pilot out of the airplane
什么也改变不了 这仍然是人类的选择 doesn't change anything, it's still a human choice.
在一次攻击中 无人机飞行员被定位 During an attack, the drone pilots are located
在指挥中心的安全范围内 in the safe confines of command centers
远离战争本身 situated far from the war itself.
那个操作机器的人 That person who's operating that machinery
仍然有道德困境 still has to have that moral dilemma
仍然要努力为自己的行为辩护 and still has to try and justify their actions
为了自己才能走过去 to themselves in order to go through
处理的心理过程 that psychological process of dealing
杀人的行为 也就是 with the act of killing, which is
本质上仍然是这样 essentially still what it is.
无人机驾驶员可以看到发生了什么 The drone pilots see what happens
在炸弹被投下之后 after the bomb has been dropped
他们知道他们是按下按钮的人 and they know that they were the ones to push the button.
无人机不会杀人 是人用无人机杀人 Drones don't kill people, people kill people using drones.
这就是我们现在的情况;如果我们翻倒 That's where we are; if we tip over
并赋予人工智能一个角色 and give artificial intelligence a role
在做这些决定时 那是完全不同的事情 in making those decisions, that's a whole different thing.
我们还没有做到这一点 我也不这么认为 We haven't got there, and I don't think
我们要去那边… we're going that way...just yet.
来自上方的攻击 The attack from above.
人类已经让火雨从天而降 Mankind has let fire rain down from the skies
几千年来 就像上帝一样 for thousands of years, like the Lord did
论所多玛蛾摩拉 on Sodom and Gomorrah.